Benefits of nitrogen reductions in North Sea shipping exceed costs
Two studies have analysed the costs and benefits of creating a nitrogen emission control area in the North Sea and the English Channel. Such a control area requires new ships to emit 75 per cent less...
Based on joint modelling by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and the PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency the Environmental Outlook to 2050 looks ahead to the year...
Evaluation of the Dutch policy document on sustainable crop protection
Water quality has improved due to legislation on crop protection. However, policy objectives for ecological quality of surface waters and drinking water, as set in the Dutch policy document on...
The impact of the proposed greening measures of the EU Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) on the sustainable development of agriculture appears to be relatively small. Member States must assign 30...
The conversion of the present European economy based on fossil fuels into a more bio-based economy will probably be restricted to about 10 per cent of final energy and feedstock consumption in 2030.
Resource Efficient Europe: many synergies, notorious exceptions
In many cases, resource efficiency in one area also helps to mitigate problems in another. For example, energy efficiency also saves water, and sustainable yield improvements also lead to a more...
Only a mix of technologies can realise a clean economy by 2050 in the Netherlands
The Netherlands is capable of achieving an 80 percent reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. This is possible by implementing a mix of reduced energy demand, use of biomass, carbon capture and...
Choices in climate policy important for Dutch air quality
Several indicative climate policy packages for 2020 have been found to result in mainly favourable co-impacts on Dutch air quality. The extent of their contribution to air quality does depend on the...
Interaction nitrogen deposition with climate change and loss of biodiversity
The CCE (Coordination Centre for Effects) Status Report 2009 demonstrates that effects of nitrogen deposition are interrelated with the change of climate and biodiversity. The report proposes...
Bio-energy has the potential to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Indirect effects might partly or even completely undo this advantage. Indirect land use change (ILUC) – leading to emissions and...