Critical levels and critical loads as a tool for air quality management
Critical loads and levels are a tool for assessing the risk of air pollution impacts to ecosystems. APIS provides critical loads and levels for different pollutants. The user can also undertake site…
COOL: exploring options for carbon dioxide reduction in an participatory mode
The ULYSSES study has been an interesting exercise, unique in its variety of research groups spread all over Europe with different research backgrounds and different foci, yet all embarking on a…
This chapter provides an update on scientific progress since the previous Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion (WMO, 1999) regarding ozone-depleting substances (ODSs) in the atmosphere. This…
The thickness of the ozone layer above Europe has decreased significantly since the beginning of the 1980s, and is declining at a rate of 4–5 % per decade.
Results of 10 years of monitoring nitrogen in the sandy regions in the Netherlands
The effect of policy measures on agriculture and water quality with respect to nitrogen have been monitored on farms in the sandy regions since the early 1990s.
Comprehensive approaches to differentiation of future climate commitments: some options compared
This chapter explores and evaluates some possible options for future differentiation of commitments for developed and developing countries, taking into account the experience with the Kyoto Protocol…
Europe's environment: the third assessment - Air pollution in Europe
Air pollution is a transboundary, multipollutant/ multi-effect environmental problem. Although significant and welldirected efforts over more than two decades have led to a reduction in emissions, air…
Terrestrial carbon sinks and biomass in international climate policies
The authors contribute to the many discussions on international climate policy and provide an in-depth analysis of the main characteristics of the problem of climate change. They highlight the various…
Global modeling of the fate of nitrogen from point and nonpoint sources in soils, groundwater, and surface water
We present a global model that describes the fate of nitrogen (N) from point and nonpoint sources in the hydrological system up to the river mouths at the 0.5° by 0.5° spatial and annual temporal…
Energy and emission scenarios for China in the 21st century - exploration of baseline development and mitigation options
In this paper, we have used the simulation model IMAGE/TIMER to develop a set of energy and emission scenarios for China between 1995 and 2100, based on the global baseline scenarios published by IPCC…
PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency