Biomass is an indispensable resource for a clean Dutch economy, as it is for that of many other countries. The organic material is used to replace fossil resources. This, for example, reduces resource…
Competing uses of biomass for energy and chemicals: Implications for long-term global CO2 mitigation potential
Biomass is considered a low carbon source for various energy or chemical options. This paper assesses it′s different possible uses, the competition between these uses, and the implications for long…
Global long-term cost dynamics of offshore wind electricity generation
Using the IMAGE/TIMER (The Targets IMage Energy Regional) long-term integrated assessment model, this paper explores the regional and global potential of offshore wind to contribute to global…
Share of raw material costs in total production costs
The share of raw material costs in the total costs for producers can be calculated using different methods. This note compares two of these methods; the energy and material costs and the basic raw…
In ‘The Netherlands in 21 infographics – Facts and figures on the human environment’ the PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency presents facts and figures in a novel way. The booklet covers…
How climate proof is the European Union’s biodiversity policy?
In the European Union’s (EU) targets for the year 2020, climate change is recognised as a key challenge for biodiversity conservation. Meeting this challenge requires insight at three levels: the…
Regional differences in mitigation strategies: an example for passenger transport
This paper shows the importance of including region-specific circumstances in long-term climate change mitigation strategies, by example of a modeling exercise of the transport sector. Important…
On the relation between weather-related disaster impacts, vulnerability and climate change
Disasters such as floods, storms, heatwaves and droughts can have enormous implications for health, the environment and economic development. In this article, we address the question how climate…
Vulnerability of coastal ecosystems to changes in harmful algal bloom distribution in response to climate change: projections based on model analysis
Harmful algal blooms (HABs), those proliferations of algae that can cause fish kills, contaminate seafood with toxins, form unsightly scums, or detrimentally alter ecosystem function have been…
Multisectoral climate impact hotspots in a warming world
The impacts of global climate change on different aspects of humanity’s diverse life-support systems are complex and often difficult to predict. To facilitate policy decisions on mitigation and…
PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency
