The direct and indirect energy requirement of households in the European Union
In this article we evaluate the average energy requirement of households in 11 EU member states. By investigating both the direct (electricity, natural gas, gasoline, etc.) and the indirect energy…
Modelling the recovery of acid-sensitive Finnish headwater lakes under present emission reduction agreements
Over the past two decades, substantial reductions in the deposition of acidifying substances (primarily sulphur) have occurred in most parts of Europe and, following recent agreements, this trend is…
Long-term development of acid deposition (1880-2030) in sensitive freshwater regions in Europe
Time series of the deposition of acidifying substances are a pre-requisite for the study of the acidification and recovery of ecosystems such as surface waters. This paper reports the derivation and…
Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment ozone profile characterization using interpretation tools and lidar measurements for intercomparison
Global ozone profiles are derived from the ultraviolet and visible part of the spectra of the nadir-viewing Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME), which is mounted on the polar orbiting second…
Energy and emission scenarios for China in the 21st century - exploration of baseline development and mitigation options
In this paper, we have used the simulation model IMAGE/TIMER to develop a set of energy and emission scenarios for China between 1995 and 2100, based on the global baseline scenarios published by IPCC…
Critical levels and critical loads as a tool for air quality management
Critical loads and levels are a tool for assessing the risk of air pollution impacts to ecosystems. APIS provides critical loads and levels for different pollutants. The user can also undertake site…
COOL: exploring options for carbon dioxide reduction in an participatory mode
The ULYSSES study has been an interesting exercise, unique in its variety of research groups spread all over Europe with different research backgrounds and different foci, yet all embarking on a…
This chapter provides an update on scientific progress since the previous Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion (WMO, 1999) regarding ozone-depleting substances (ODSs) in the atmosphere. This…
The thickness of the ozone layer above Europe has decreased significantly since the beginning of the 1980s, and is declining at a rate of 4–5 % per decade.
Results of 10 years of monitoring nitrogen in the sandy regions in the Netherlands
The effect of policy measures on agriculture and water quality with respect to nitrogen have been monitored on farms in the sandy regions since the early 1990s.
PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency