The direct and indirect energy requirement of households in the European Union
In this article we evaluate the average energy requirement of households in 11 EU member states. By investigating both the direct (electricity, natural gas, gasoline, etc.) and the indirect energy…
Outreach of IPCC findings in developing countries: lessons learned
After the completion of IPCC's Third Assessment Report, Working Group III on Mitigation embarked upon an outreach programme to disseminate the IPCC assessments in developing countries and countries…
Comparing integrated crop management and organic production
This chapter describes the environmental impact of integrated crop management and organic farming, with nutrients (particularly nitrate leaching), pesticides, energy use, soil (soil organic matter…
Climate change and sustainable development: expanding the options
Climate change and sustainable development have been addressed in largely separate circles in both research and policy. Nevertheless, there are strong linkages between the two in both realms.
Europe's environment: the third assessment - Climate change
Global and European average temperatures are increasing, sea levels are rising, glaciers are melting, and the frequencies of extreme weather events and precipitation are changing. Most of the warming…
Assessing emission reduction target with dynamic models: deriving target load functions for use in integrated assessment
International agreements to reduce the emission of acidifying sulphur (S) and nitrogen (N) compounds have been negotiated on the basis of an understanding of the link between acidification related…
Air pollution by ozone in Europe in summer 2003. Overview of exceedances of EC ozone treshold values during the summer season April-August 2003 and comparisons with previous years
In the period 1995–2003 of reporting under the old ozone directive, there has been little or no change in the reported exceedances of ozone threshold values. This is not unexpected as reductions in…
A modelling assessment of acidification and recovery of European surface waters
The increase in emission of sulphur oxides and nitrogen (both oxidised and reduced forms) since the mid-1800s caused a severe decline in pH and ANC in acid-sensitive surface waters across Europe…
Modelling the recovery of acid-sensitive Finnish headwater lakes under present emission reduction agreements
Over the past two decades, substantial reductions in the deposition of acidifying substances (primarily sulphur) have occurred in most parts of Europe and, following recent agreements, this trend is…
Long-term development of acid deposition (1880-2030) in sensitive freshwater regions in Europe
Time series of the deposition of acidifying substances are a pre-requisite for the study of the acidification and recovery of ecosystems such as surface waters. This paper reports the derivation and…
PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency