The EU 40 % greenhouse gas emission reduction target by 2030 in perspective
We assess the fairness and ambition level of the EU’s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) of reducing domestic greenhouse gas emissions by at least 40 % relative to 1990.
Drivers and patterns of land biosphere carbon balance reversal
The carbon balance of the land biosphere is the result of complex interactions between land, atmosphere and oceans, including climatic change, carbon dioxide fertilization and land-use change. While…
Evaluation of the Dutch Implementation of the Nitrates Directive, the Water Framework Directive and the National Emission Ceilings Directive
There is a strong overlap between the general protection goals of the Nitrates Directive, the Water Framework Directive and the National Emission Ceilings Directive; however, policies to implement the…
Horses for courses: Analytical tools to explore planetary boundaries
There is a need for more integrated research on sustainable development and global environmental change. In this paper, we focus on the planetary boundaries framework to provide a systematic…
Greenhouse gas mitigation potentials in the livestock sector
The global livestock sector supports about 1.3 billion producers and retailers, and contributes 40–50% of agricultural GDP. We estimated that between 1995 and 2005, the livestock sector was…
Translating the SDGs to High-income Countries: Integration at Last?
With the adoption of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, UN Member States committed to the implementation of a set of universal goals and targets, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)…
Urban-economic inequality is commonly considered to be increasing and a phenomenon that needs to be combatted. However, discussions about it are sometimes rather unsystematic, unsubstantiated and…
Saving energy is not easy: An impact assessment of Dutch policy to reduce the energy requirements of buildings
The Dutch Government stimulates the application of energy efficiency measures to reduce the energy requirements of buildings, which are responsible for about 20% of the Dutch CO 2 emissions. For our…
This document contains a technical description of the GLOBIO model (version 3.5). It gives an overview of the input data, modelling steps and parameter values used to model human impacts on…
How does Smart Mobility affect the city? New innovations like driverless cars, electric vehicles, new forms of transport and increased information might be a game changer in urban planning.
PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency
