Climate impact of transportation A model comparison
Transportation contributes to a significant and rising share of global energy use and greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore modeling future travel demand, its fuel use, and resulting CO 2 emission is…
Greenhouse gas emissions in the Netherlands, 1990–2011: National Inventory Report 2013
Total greenhouse gas emissions in the Netherlands decreased in 2011 by 7%, compared to the emission level in 2010. This decrease was mainly the result of a drop in fuel combustion in the energy sector…
EU policy options for climate and energy beyond 2020
The EU has set itself the ambition of an 80% reduction of greenhouse gases by 2050. Such a drastic reduction requires a much more vigorous renewal of the energy system. Setting a target for emission…
The functioning of the European Union (EU) emission trading system (ETS) is under debate. Although the ETS guarantees emission reductions by 2020, the current low prices fuel doubts about whether it…
Adaptation to extreme weather: identifying different societal perspectives in the Netherlands
The intensity and occurrence of extreme weather events are expected to change with climate change. This change necessitates adaptive responses to extreme events, which need to take into account…
The role of negative CO2 emissions for reaching 2 °C-insights from integrated assessment modelling
Limiting climate change to 2 °C with a high probability requires reducing cumulative emissions to about 1600 Gigatonne CO 2 over the 2000–2100 period. This requires unprecedented rates of…
Evaluation of policy options to reform the EU Emissions Trading System
A minimum price for emission allowances offers the best opportunity for the EU Emissions Trading System (ETS) to function as a key policy instrument in reducing CO 2 emissions. Such a price floor will…
Uncertainties in global-scale reconstructions of historical land use: an illustration using the HYDE data set
Land use and land-use change play an important role in global integrated assessments. However, there are still many uncertainties in the role of current and historical land use in the global carbon…
If climate action becomes urgent: the importance of response times for various climate strategies
Most deliberations on climate policy are based on a mitigation response that assumes a gradually increasing reduction over time. However, situations may occur where a more urgent response is needed. A…
Deep greenhouse gas emission reductions in Europe: Exploring different options
Most modelling studies that explore emission mitigation scenarios only look into least-cost emission pathways, induced by a carbon tax. This means that European policies targeting specific – sometimes…
PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency
