Impact of the choice of emission metric on greenhouse gas abatement and costs
This paper analyses the effect of different emission metrics and metric values on timing and costs of greenhouse gas mitigation in least-cost emission pathways aimed at a forcing level of 3.5 W m −2…
The English translation of the ‘Balans van de Leefomgeving 2014’ (Assessment of the Human Environment 2014) is now available. It contains statistical information and analyses of recent developments in…
Losses of Ammonia and Nitrate from Agriculture and Their Effect on Nitrogen Recovery in the European Union and the United States between 1900 and 2050
Historical trends and levels of nitrogen (N) budgets and emissions to air and water in the European Union and the United States are markedly different. Agro-environmental policy approaches also differ…
A new method for analysing socio-ecological patterns of vulnerability
This paper presents a method for analysing socio-ecological patterns of vulnerability of people at risk of losing their livelihoods as a consequence of global environmental change. We illustrate the…
Global carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions from fossil fuel use and cement production increased in 2013 to the new record of 35.3 billion tonnes (Gt) CO 2 , which is 0.7 Gt higher than last year’s record…
Long-term climate policy targets and implications for 2030
Countries, worldwide, have agreed that international efforts should be aimed at keeping the global mean temperature increase below 2 °C, compared to pre-industrial levels. In order to achieve the 2 °C…
Unconventional Gas and the European Union (EU): Prospects and Challenges for Competitiveness
This paper analyses the likely impact of unconventional gas developments in the United States on EU competitiveness, in both the short and the long run. It reviews the recent literature and brings…
Yield-scaled mitigation of ammonia emission from N fertilization: the Spanish case
Here, we present a novel methodology to provide an integrated assessment of the best strategies to abate NH 3 from N applications to crops. Using scenario analyses, we assessed the potential of 11…
Global implementation of two shared socioeconomic pathways for future sanitation and wastewater flows
Households are an important source of nutrient loading to surface water. Sewage systems without or with only primary wastewater treatment are major polluters of surface water. Future emission levels…
Disentangling the ranges: climate policy scenarios for China and India
Greenhouse gas emissions in China and India have been increasing rapidly over the last decade. Scenario studies can provide insight into expected future trends and the emission reduction potential in…
PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency
