Costs and Benefits of Nitrogen for Europe and Implications for Mitigation
Cost-benefit analysis can be used to provide guidance for emerging policy priorities in reducing nitrogen (N) pollution. The results support the priority for further reduction in NH 3 and NO x…
If climate action becomes urgent: the importance of response times for various climate strategies
Most deliberations on climate policy are based on a mitigation response that assumes a gradually increasing reduction over time. However, situations may occur where a more urgent response is needed. A…
Deep greenhouse gas emission reductions in Europe: Exploring different options
Most modelling studies that explore emission mitigation scenarios only look into least-cost emission pathways, induced by a carbon tax. This means that European policies targeting specific – sometimes…
Influence of travel behavior on global CO2 emissions
Travel demand is rising steeply and its contribution to global CO 2 emissions is increasing. Different studies have shown possible mitigation through technological options, but so far few studies have…
Human use of land has transformed ecosystem pattern and process across most of the terrestrial biosphere, a global change often described as historically recent and potentially catastrophic for both…
Reduction targets and abatement costs of developing countries resulting from global and developed countries’ reduction targets by 2050
The European Union (EU) has advocated an emission reduction target for developed countries of 80% to 95% below the 1990 level by 2050, and a global reduction target of 50%. Developing countries have…
The effects of adaptation and mitigation on coastal flood impacts during the 21st century
This paper studies the effects of mitigation and adaptation on coastal flood impacts. We focus on a scenario that stabilizes concentrations at 450 parts per million CO 2 -equivalent leading to 42 cm…
The rationale of spatial economic top sector policy
Dutch top sector policy is aimed at the economic sectors that are the most important to the international competitive position of the Netherlands, such as the knowledge-intensive and export-oriented…
Mixed neighbourhoods: effects of urban restructuring and new housing development
Many European countries use mixed housing policies to decrease the spatial concentration of low-income households. Also in the Netherlands, social housing in deprived neighbourhoods is being…
The effects of Climate Change in the Netherlands: 2012
Although climate change is expected to continue, its negative impacts for the Netherlands appear manageable. Here, most climatic changes will take place more gradual than in many other regions, thus…
PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency
