Introduction: evolutionary methodologies for analyzing environmental innovations and the implications for environmental policy
The goal of this special issue is to provide an overview of evolutionary approaches to environmental innovation with a focus on formal modeling. The contributions to the special issue are divided into…
Balancing the carbon market - Analysing the international carbon market and abatement costs in 2020 for low-concentration targets: policy choices and uncertainties
This report describes our analysis of the impact of various policy choices and scientific uncertainties on the price of tradable emission units on the global carbon market in 2020 and the associated…
Transport impacts on atmosphere and climate: Metrics
The transport sector emits a wide variety of gases and aerosols, with distinctly different characteristics which influence climate directly and indirectly via chemical and physical processes. Tools…
Balancing the carbon market: carbon market impacts of developing country emission reduction targets
In the period leading up to the climate conference in Copenhagen scientific evidence is mounting that deep reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, in industrialized (Annex I) countries as well as in…
Climate change in Europe. 1. Impact on terrestrial ecosystems and biodiversity. A review
This article outlines the impacts of climate change on biodiversity by showing both observed and projected changes in the distribution and phenology of plants and animals (phenology refers to changes…
Balancing the carbon market: overview of carbon price estimates
The costs associated with climate policy are of high interest to both governments and economic agents in developed and in developing countries. When a clear climate target is set, the carbon price…
Vulnerability of people and the environment - challenges and opportunities. Background Report on Chapter 7 of GEO-4
This report provides the background to the vulnerability analysis in the fourth Global Environment Outlook (GEO-4), published by United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP) in October 2007. It…
Beyond 2015: Long-term development and the Millennium Development Goals
More than a billion people live in poverty, without adequate food, safe drinking water or clean energy. Aimed at providing basic quality of life, the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are leading on…
Regional modelling of particulate matter for the Netherlands
The natural contribution to particulate matter (PM) can now be calculated with a model for PM. Therefore, the LOTOS EUROS model was extended with a description of PM from sea salt and mineral dust. In…
Global CO2 emissions: annual increase halves in 2008
The very high oil prices until the summer of 2008 together with a worldwide financial crisis that started to affect activities in society worldwide, in particular in the second half of 2008, have…
PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency
