The growing demand for food, water, and shelter change the way people use land and these changes have affected or even caused conflicts in several locations. However, conflicts do not erupt in…
Together with stakeholders in Kenya and Ethiopia, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), PBL (Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency), the Joint Research Centre of the European…
The global potential for land restoration: Scenarios for the Global Land Outlook 2
Land restoration has the potential to deliver multiple environmental and societal benefits simultaneously, making it a highly integrated solution for sustainable development. This study quantifies the…
Effectively empowering: a different look at bolstering the effectiveness of global environmental assessments
Global environmental assessments are widely considered to play a prominent role in environmental governance. However, they are also criticised for a lack of effectiveness in informing policy and…
A framework for national scenarios with varying emission reductions
National-level climate actions will be vital in achieving global temperature goals in the coming decades. Near-term (2025–2030) plans are laid out in Nationally Determined Contributions; the next step…
Greenhouse gas emission scenarios in nine key non-G20 countries: an assessment of progress toward 2030 climate targets
This study compares greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions projections in 2030 under current policies and those under 2030 mitigation targets for nine key non-G20 countries, that collectively account for…
Integrated assessment model diagnostics: key indicators and model evolution
Integrated assessment models (IAMs) form a prime tool in informing about climate mitigation strategies. Diagnostic indicators that allow comparison across these models can help describe and explain…
Decarbonisation options for the Dutch bottle-grade PET industry
This report describes the current status of the bottle-grade PET production by Indorama in the Netherlands, and discusses potential decarbonisation options. The study is part of the MIDDEN project…
The role of regulatory, market and governance risk for electricity access investment in sub-Saharan Africa
Achieving universal electricity access in sub-Saharan Africa – a milestone of SDG 7 – requires about $30bn annually until 2030 on the top of baseline investment. The private sector plays a key role in…
This United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) assessment highlights the critical role that cutting global methane emissions, including from the fossil fuel industry, plays in slowing the rate of…
PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency
