Global scale benefit-cost analysis of coastal flood adaptation to different flood risk drivers using structural measures
Coastal flood hazard and exposure are expected to increase over the course of the 21st century, leading to increased coastal flood risk. In order to limit the increase in future risk, or even reduce…
Life cycle environmental and cost comparison of current and future passenger cars under different energy scenarios
In this analysis, life cycle environmental burdens and total costs of ownership (TCO) of current (2017) and future (2040) passenger cars with different powertrain configurations are compared. For all…
Taking stock of national climate policies to evaluate implementation of the Paris Agreement
Many countries have implemented national climate policies to accomplish pledged Nationally Determined Contributions and to contribute to the temperature objectives of the Paris Agreement on climate…
This paper in the Spring 2020 ifo DICE Report on carbon pricing discusses lessons that other regions could learn from European Union’s effort to implement carbon pricing through EU Emission Trading…
The wicked problem the Water Framework Directive cannot solve
Nutrients (nitrates, phosphates) from agricultural sources remain a ‘wicked problem’ in realizing the aims of the Water Framework Directive (WFD), partly because the directive has to rely on…
Human populations and their use of land have reshaped landscapes for thousands of years, creating the anthropogenic biomes (anthromes) that now cover most of the terrestrial biosphere. Here we…
Bioenergy is the EU's leading renewable energy source at present. Understanding bioenergy's contribution to the future EU energy mix is strategically relevant for mid to long term climate targets…
Mapping the yields of lignocellulosic bioenergy crops from observations at the global scale
Most scenarios from integrated assessment models (IAMs) that project greenhouse gas emissions include the use of bioenergy as a means to reduce CO 2 emissions or even to achieve negative emissions…
What users of global risk-related indicators should know
The use of composite indicators has grown vastly over the past three decades. These indicators, which combine different data sources, can help to understand risks over time and compare between…
Beyond national climate action: the impact of region, city, and business commitments on global greenhouse gas emissions
This article quantifies the net aggregate impact in 2030 of commitments by individual non-state and subnational actors (e.g. regions, cities and businesses, collectively referred to as ‘NSAs’) to…
PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency
