A prospective evaluation of the ambition of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework goals and targets
In October 2024, at the 16 th Conference of the Parties (COP-16) of the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), countries have negotiated the mechanisms for planning, monitoring…
Assessing multiple ecosystem services in 708 European urban areas
Nature is increasingly recognised for its potential to address societal challenges in cities, through the delivery of ecosystem services (ES). However, large-scale assessments quantifying this…
This document describes the development strategy for the GLOBIO modelling framework for 2024–2027. It provides general direction for further improving the framework, based on the current state of the…
Environmental impacts of extraction and processing of raw materials for the energy transition
Both the European Critical Raw Materials Act and the Dutch Raw Materials Strategy promote mitigation of negative environmental impacts associated with the production of strategic and critical raw…
Assessing ambitious nature conservation strategies in a below 2-degree and food-secure world
Global biodiversity is projected to further decline under a wide range of future socio-economic development pathways, even in sustainability-oriented scenarios. This raises the question of how…
Assessing the impact of international cooperative initiatives on biodiversity
Biodiversity conservation within the gamut of global environmental governance has gained significant traction over the past three decades. Many initiatives to meet global biodiversity conservation…
Direct intervention in the size of livestock herds is not considered a main option in European agricultural policies nor in policy option studies. Nevertheless, livestock buyout schemes have been…
Mainstreaming Biodiversity in Development Cooperation
In December 2022, governments adopted the Kunming – Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework at the Conference of the Parties (CoP) of the UN Biodiversity Convention (CBD). Development cooperation…
Enhancing Urban Nature Provision in the Netherlands
As cities across the world face complex challenges that require interventions that can address multiple goals simultaneously, there has been a growing interest in using Nature-Based Solutions (NBS). A…
Comparing three spatial modeling tools for assessing urban ecosystem services
Spatially explicit modeling is a key method to quantify ecosystem services in cities. We applied and compared three commonly used open-source ecosystem service modeling tools (InVEST, LUCI, Natural…
PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency
