Reflections on coordination mechanisms for accommodating increasing amounts of wind and solar in the power market
European power markets are being confronted with an unprecedented transition process toward a low-carbon power system. The speed and complexity of this shift are raising serious challenges and…
Competing uses of biomass for energy and chemicals: Implications for long-term global CO2 mitigation potential
Biomass is considered a low carbon source for various energy or chemical options. This paper assesses it′s different possible uses, the competition between these uses, and the implications for long…
Any limit on future global warming is associated with a quota on cumulative global CO 2 emissions. We translate this global carbon quota to regional and national scales, on a spectrum of sharing…
Persistent growth of CO2 emissions and implications for reaching climate targets
Efforts to limit climate change below a given temperature level require that global emissions of CO 2 cumulated over time remain below a limited quota. This quota varies depending on the temperature…
The Global Carbon Project (GCP) was established in 2001 in recognition of the large scientific challenges and critical nature of the carbon cycle for Earth's sustainability. The scientific goal of the…
REDD credits in a global carbon market: Options and impacts
A number of issues have to be addressed if reducing emissions from deforestation (REDD) credits are to be included in a future global carbon market. This report focuses on a subset of these: the…
Global long-term cost dynamics of offshore wind electricity generation
Using the IMAGE/TIMER (The Targets IMage Energy Regional) long-term integrated assessment model, this paper explores the regional and global potential of offshore wind to contribute to global…
Share of raw material costs in total production costs
The share of raw material costs in the total costs for producers can be calculated using different methods. This note compares two of these methods; the energy and material costs and the basic raw…
In ‘The Netherlands in 21 infographics – Facts and figures on the human environment’ the PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency presents facts and figures in a novel way. The booklet covers…
How climate proof is the European Union’s biodiversity policy?
In the European Union’s (EU) targets for the year 2020, climate change is recognised as a key challenge for biodiversity conservation. Meeting this challenge requires insight at three levels: the…
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