Energy cooperatives: aims, operational perspective and interaction with municipalities
The Netherlands, currently, has around 110 energy cooperatives with the objectives of local energy generation and energy saving, as well as strengthening the community. In their view, the related…
Methods for calculating transport emissions in the Netherlands
This report describes the methodologies, emission factors and relevant activity data used for calculating the emission of environmental pollutants from mobile sources in the Netherlands. The emissions…
Estimating the opportunity costs of reducing carbon dioxide emissions via avoided deforestation, using integrated assessment modelling
Estimates show that, in recent years, deforestation and forest degradation accounted for about 17% of global greenhouse gas emissions. The implementation of REDD (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation…
Innovating the IPCC review process - the potential of young talent
There is significant potential for young talent to enhance the credibility of scientific assessments, such as those of the IPCC, by contributing to quality assurance and quality control. In this essay…
Deep CO2 emission reductions in a global bottom-up model approach
Most studies that explore deep GHG emission reduction scenarios assume that climate goals are reached by implementing least-cost emission mitigation options, typically by implementing a global carbon…
Key role of China and its agriculture in global sustainable phosphorus management
Growing global demand for food leads to increased pressure on phosphorus (P), a finite and dwindling resource. China is the largest producer and consumer of P fertilizer in the world. A mass balance…
Green Gains: In search of opportunities for the Dutch economy
If the Netherlands is to remain a strong player in the global economy, it needs to intensify its efforts in greening its economy. The Netherlands lags behind competing neighbouring countries, who…
Model collaboration for the improved assessment of biomass supply, demand, and impacts
Existing assessments of biomass supply and demand and their impacts face various types of limitations and uncertainties, partly due to the type of tools and methods applied (e.g., partial…
Balance between climate change mitigation benefits and land use impacts of bioenergy: conservation implications for European birds
We assess projected range shifts of 156 European bird species by 2050 under two alternative climate change trajectories: a baseline scenario, where the global mean temperature increases by 4 °C by the…
Towards standardised evaluative measurement of nature impacts: two spatial planning case studies for major Dutch lakes.
In the assessment of complex spatial planning projects, ecological and socio-economic impacts are fundamental to the evaluation. The measurements of the ecological impacts of spatial plans have to be…
PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency
