To evaluate the appreciation of nature and landscape, PBL needs reliable models, data and indicators. As the application of existing models has some limitations, PBL requested for plans to develop a…
Global impacts of surface ozone changes on crop yields and land use
Exposure to surface ozone has detrimental impacts on vegetation and crop yields. In this study, we estimate ozone impacts on crop production and subsequent impacts on land use in the 2005–2050 period…
The impacts of climate change include, but are not limited to, increased heat stress, land loss due to sea level rise, and changes in agricultural productivity. These impacts have consequences for the…
Potential of extensification of European agriculture for a more sustainable food system, focusing on nitrogen
Most global strategies for future food security focus on sustainable intensification of production of food and involve increased use of nitrogen fertilizer and manure. The external costs of current…
Impact of the choice of emission metric on greenhouse gas abatement and costs
This paper analyses the effect of different emission metrics and metric values on timing and costs of greenhouse gas mitigation in least-cost emission pathways aimed at a forcing level of 3.5 W m −2…
The English translation of the ‘Balans van de Leefomgeving 2014’ (Assessment of the Human Environment 2014) is now available. It contains statistical information and analyses of recent developments in…
Losses of Ammonia and Nitrate from Agriculture and Their Effect on Nitrogen Recovery in the European Union and the United States between 1900 and 2050
Historical trends and levels of nitrogen (N) budgets and emissions to air and water in the European Union and the United States are markedly different. Agro-environmental policy approaches also differ…
A new method for analysing socio-ecological patterns of vulnerability
This paper presents a method for analysing socio-ecological patterns of vulnerability of people at risk of losing their livelihoods as a consequence of global environmental change. We illustrate the…
Global carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions from fossil fuel use and cement production increased in 2013 to the new record of 35.3 billion tonnes (Gt) CO 2 , which is 0.7 Gt higher than last year’s record…
Long-term climate policy targets and implications for 2030
Countries, worldwide, have agreed that international efforts should be aimed at keeping the global mean temperature increase below 2 °C, compared to pre-industrial levels. In order to achieve the 2 °C…
PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency
