International climate initiatives operating outside the global climate negotiations could deliver greenhouse gas emission reductions of 2.5 GtCO2-equivalents by 2020 and 5.5 GtCO2 eq by 2030, compared…
Adaptation to climate change in the Netherlands - Studying related risks and opportunities
The Netherlands, similar to many other countries, is vulnerable to climate change. With its new Delta Programme, the Dutch Government has made an important step forward towards national climate…
Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) are projected to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in 2030 by up to 6 gigatonnes of CO 2 e, but 12 extra gigatonnes are needed to keep warming below…
Comparing future patterns of energy system change in 2 °C scenarios with historically observed rates of change
This paper systematically compares modeled rates of change provided by global integrated assessment models aiming for the 2 °C objective to historically observed rates of change. Such a comparison can…
Assessment of global land availability: land supply for agriculture
We developed a new assessment method of the land supply for agriculture, on a grid scale basis and per region, which takes into account both biophysical, institutional and socio-economic parameters of…
Impacts of European livestock production: nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus and greenhouse gas emissions, land-use, water eutrophication and biodiversity
Livestock production systems currently occupy around 28% of the land surface of the European Union (equivalent to 65% of the agricultural land). In conjunction with other human activities, livestock…
Worldwide climate effects - Risks and opportunities for the Netherlands
Natural disasters due to weather extremes occur frequently, both in Europe and in the rest of the world. In the first decade of the 21st century, for example, 3000 natural disasters were reported…
National post-2020 greenhouse gas targets and diversity-aware leadership
Achieving the collective goal of limiting warming to below 2 °C or 1.5 °C compared to pre-industrial levels requires a transition towards a fully decarbonized world. Annual greenhouse gas emissions on…
Beyond the Numbers: Understanding the Transformation Induced by INDCs
The currently submitted Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) to the new global climate agreement do not yet mean that the world will achieve the 2 °C target, but they do represent an…
A cost benefit analysis of road pricing in the Netherlands
Many Dutch political parties consider road pricing an important instrument to improve accessibility. In 2012, six of the ten parties had included some form of road pricing policy in their election…
PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency
