Comparing future patterns of energy system change in 2 °C scenarios with historically observed rates of change
This paper systematically compares modeled rates of change provided by global integrated assessment models aiming for the 2 °C objective to historically observed rates of change. Such a comparison can…
Assessment of global land availability: land supply for agriculture
We developed a new assessment method of the land supply for agriculture, on a grid scale basis and per region, which takes into account both biophysical, institutional and socio-economic parameters of…
Worldwide climate effects - Risks and opportunities for the Netherlands
Natural disasters due to weather extremes occur frequently, both in Europe and in the rest of the world. In the first decade of the 21st century, for example, 3000 natural disasters were reported…
Impacts of European livestock production: nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus and greenhouse gas emissions, land-use, water eutrophication and biodiversity
Livestock production systems currently occupy around 28% of the land surface of the European Union (equivalent to 65% of the agricultural land). In conjunction with other human activities, livestock…
National post-2020 greenhouse gas targets and diversity-aware leadership
Achieving the collective goal of limiting warming to below 2 °C or 1.5 °C compared to pre-industrial levels requires a transition towards a fully decarbonized world. Annual greenhouse gas emissions on…
Beyond the Numbers: Understanding the Transformation Induced by INDCs
The currently submitted Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) to the new global climate agreement do not yet mean that the world will achieve the 2 °C target, but they do represent an…
A cost benefit analysis of road pricing in the Netherlands
Many Dutch political parties consider road pricing an important instrument to improve accessibility. In 2012, six of the ten parties had included some form of road pricing policy in their election…
Global and regional climate impacts of future aerosol mitigation in an RCP6.0-like scenario in EC-Earth
Future changes in aerosol concentrations will influence the climate system over the coming decades. In this study we evaluate the equilibrium climate response to aerosol reductions in different parts…
Although cities only cover a few percent of the earth's total land surface, they are the locations where most of the world's scarce resources are being used. Ubanisation worldwide, therefore, is…
This document describes the new research and development strategy for the IMAGE Framework, for the 2015–2020 period, based on current and emerging research and policy questions. The document sets out…
PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency
