EU policy options for climate and energy beyond 2020
The EU has set itself the ambition of an 80% reduction of greenhouse gases by 2050. Such a drastic reduction requires a much more vigorous renewal of the energy system. Setting a target for emission…
The functioning of the European Union (EU) emission trading system (ETS) is under debate. Although the ETS guarantees emission reductions by 2020, the current low prices fuel doubts about whether it…
Hindcasts and Future Projections of Global Inland and Coastal Nitrogen and Phosphorus Loads Due to Finfish Aquaculture
A global model is used to calculate feed and nutrient budgets for freshwater and marine omnivorous and carnivorous aquacultural finfish production. The model uses national production data for the…
Adaptation to extreme weather: identifying different societal perspectives in the Netherlands
The intensity and occurrence of extreme weather events are expected to change with climate change. This change necessitates adaptive responses to extreme events, which need to take into account…
The role of negative CO2 emissions for reaching 2 °C-insights from integrated assessment modelling
Limiting climate change to 2 °C with a high probability requires reducing cumulative emissions to about 1600 Gigatonne CO 2 over the 2000–2100 period. This requires unprecedented rates of…
On the potential contribution of spatial planning in combination with unbreachable embankments in the design of a robust flood risk system, exemplified for the Netherlands
The Dutch flood-risk management policy has recently been revised. The previous policy exclusively aimed at flood prevention. The new policy recognises that, although the probability of flooding is…
Providing the right price incentives is key to stimulating green growth. This report discusses how to assess tax options in the context of energy and climate policy and offers some important lessons…
Evaluation of policy options to reform the EU Emissions Trading System
A minimum price for emission allowances offers the best opportunity for the EU Emissions Trading System (ETS) to function as a key policy instrument in reducing CO 2 emissions. Such a price floor will…
Uncertainties in global-scale reconstructions of historical land use: an illustration using the HYDE data set
Land use and land-use change play an important role in global integrated assessments. However, there are still many uncertainties in the role of current and historical land use in the global carbon…
A Population–Employment Interaction Model as Labour Module in TIGRIS XL
This paper looks at the integration of a population–employment interaction model in the TIGRIS XL model framework. TIGRIS XL is an integrated land-use and transport model which is actually a system of…
PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency
